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2018 ; 9
(ä): 640
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PATs and SNATs: Amino Acid Sensors in Disguise
#MMPMID29971004
Fan SJ
; Goberdhan DCI
Front Pharmacol
2018[]; 9
(ä): 640
PMID29971004
show ga
Solute Carriers (SLCs) are involved in the transport of substances across lipid
bilayers, including nutrients like amino acids. Amino acids increase the activity
of the microenvironmental sensor mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
(mTORC1) to promote cellular growth and anabolic processes. They can be brought
in to cells by a wide range of SLCs including the closely related Proton-assisted
Amino acid Transporter (PAT or SLC36) and Sodium-coupled Neutral Amino acid
Transporter (SNAT or SLC38) families. More than a decade ago, the first evidence
emerged that members of the PAT family can act as amino acid-stimulated
receptors, or so-called "transceptors," connecting amino acids to mTORC1
activation. Since then, further studies in human cell models have suggested that
other PAT and SNAT family members, which share significant homology within their
transmembrane domains, can act as transceptors. A paradigm shift has also led to
the PATs and SNATs at the surface of multiple intracellular compartments being
linked to the recruitment and activation of different pools of mTORC1. Much focus
has been on late endosomes and lysosomes as mTORC1 regulatory hubs, but more
recently a Golgi-localized PAT was shown to be required for mTORC1 activation.
PATs and SNATs can also traffic between the cell surface and intracellular
compartments, with regulation of this movement providing a means of controlling
their mTORC1 regulatory activity. These emerging features of PAT and SNAT amino
acid sensors, including the transceptor mechanism, have implications for the
pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 and new therapeutic interventions.