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2017 ; 111
(4
): 398-401
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Overview of Lung Development in the Newborn Human
#MMPMID28538234
Warburton D
Neonatology
2017[]; 111
(4
): 398-401
PMID28538234
show ga
In human neonates rapid adaptation from an aqueous intrauterine environment to
permanent air breathing is the rate-limiting step for extrauterine life, failure
of which justifies the existence of neonatal intensive care units. The lung
develops at about 4-6 weeks' gestation in humans as a ventral outpouching of the
primitive foregut into the surrounding ventral mesenchyme, termed the
laryngotracheal groove. At its posterior end lie progenitor cells that form a
pair of bronchial tubes, from which arise all the distal epithelial structures of
the lung. In humans, formation of the distal gas exchange surfaces begins in
utero at about 20 weeks' gestation and is substantially established by term.
Stereotypic branching of the proximal airway ends relatively early at 16-18 weeks
at the bronchoalveolar duct junctions. Distally, about 5 finger-like alveolar
ducts arise from each bronchoalveolar duct junction and ramify outwards towards
the pleura. The majority of alveolar air sacs arise from the sides of the
alveolar ducts and each of these alveoli can have up to 5 daughter alveoli
arising from the outer surface as subsequent buds. At the end of each alveolar
duct lie the mouths of 5 interconnected alveoli. Each family of alveoli arising
from each bronchoalveolar duct junction has a different shape depending upon the
limitations imposed by the pleural surface as well as the interstitial fascial
planes.