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2018 ; 6
(2
): 122-127
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Osteoporosis: Current Concepts
#MMPMID30051110
Akkawi I
; Zmerly H
Joints
2018[Jun]; 6
(2
): 122-127
PMID30051110
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Osteoporosis is a worldwide disease characterized by reduction of bone mass and
alteration of bone architecture resulting in increased bone fragility and
increased fracture risk. Causes of osteoporosis include increasing age, female
sex, postmenopausal status, hypogonadism or premature ovarian failure, low body
mass index, ethnic background, rheumatoid arthritis, low bone mineral density
(BMD), vitamin D deficiency, low calcium intake, hyperkyphosis, current smoking,
alcohol abuse, immobilization, and long-term use of certain medications. The
diagnosis of osteoporosis is established by measurement of BMD of the hip and
spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. According to the World Health
Organization criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard
deviation or more below the average value for young healthy women. Bone turnover
biomarker detection may be useful in monitoring osteoporosis treatment and
assessing fracture risk but not for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Management of
osteoporosis consists of nonpharmacological interventions, which are recommended
for all subjects, and pharmacological therapy in all postmenopausal women who
have had an osteoporotic fracture or have BMD values consistent with
osteoporosis.
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