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10.1073/pnas.1608732113 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1073/pnas.1608732113 C5137724!5137724 !27849586     free     free     free Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\27849586 .jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A 2016 ; 113 (48 ): E7730-E7739 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=27849586 |t=2016. Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic |pdf=|usr=}}{{27849586 }} gab.com Text Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic JO: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27849586 #FOAvip Vibrio cholerae has caused seven cholera pandemics since 1817, imposing terror on much of the world, but bacterial strains are currently only available for the sixth and seventh pandemics. The El Tor biotype seventh pandemic began in 1961 in Indonesia, but did not originate directly from the classical biotype sixth-pandemic strain. Previous studies focused mainly on the spread of the seventh pandemic after 1970. Here, we analyze in unprecedented detail the origin, evolution, and transition to pandemicity of the seventh-pandemic strain. We used high-resolution comparative genomic analysis of strains collected from 1930 to 1964, covering the evolution from the first available El Tor biotype strain to the start of the seventh pandemic. We define six stages leading to the pandemic strain and reveal all key events. The seventh pandemic originated from a nonpathogenic strain in the Middle East, first observed in 1897. It subsequently underwent explosive diversification, including the spawning of the pandemic lineage. This rapid diversification suggests that, when first observed, the strain had only recently arrived in the Middle East, possibly from the Asian homeland of cholera. The lineage migrated to Makassar, Indonesia, where it gained the important virulence-associated elements Vibrio seventh pandemic island I (VSP-I), VSP-II, and El Tor type cholera toxin prophage by 1954, and it then became pandemic in 1961 after only 12 additional mutations. Our data indicate that specific niches in the Middle East and Makassar were important in generating the pandemic strain by providing gene sources and the driving forces for genetic events. Twit Text FOAVip Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic ????Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27849586 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=27849586 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|27849586 }}</ref> Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic #MMPMID27849586 Hu D ; Liu B ; Feng L ; Ding P ; Guo X ; Wang M ; Cao B ; Reeves PR ; Wang L Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016[Nov]; 113 (48 ): E7730-E7739 PMID27849586 show ga Vibrio cholerae has caused seven cholera pandemics since 1817, imposing terror on much of the world, but bacterial strains are currently only available for the sixth and seventh pandemics. The El Tor biotype seventh pandemic began in 1961 in Indonesia, but did not originate directly from the classical biotype sixth-pandemic strain. Previous studies focused mainly on the spread of the seventh pandemic after 1970. Here, we analyze in unprecedented detail the origin, evolution, and transition to pandemicity of the seventh-pandemic strain. We used high-resolution comparative genomic analysis of strains collected from 1930 to 1964, covering the evolution from the first available El Tor biotype strain to the start of the seventh pandemic. We define six stages leading to the pandemic strain and reveal all key events. The seventh pandemic originated from a nonpathogenic strain in the Middle East, first observed in 1897. It subsequently underwent explosive diversification, including the spawning of the pandemic lineage. This rapid diversification suggests that, when first observed, the strain had only recently arrived in the Middle East, possibly from the Asian homeland of cholera. The lineage migrated to Makassar, Indonesia, where it gained the important virulence-associated elements Vibrio seventh pandemic island I (VSP-I), VSP-II, and El Tor type cholera toxin prophage by 1954, and it then became pandemic in 1961 after only 12 additional mutations. Our data indicate that specific niches in the Middle East and Makassar were important in generating the pandemic strain by providing gene sources and the driving forces for genetic events. |*Pandemics [MESH] |Cholera/*epidemiology/microbiology [MESH] |Evolution, Molecular [MESH] |Genome, Bacterial [MESH] |Humans [MESH] |Molecular Sequence Annotation [MESH] |Phylogeny [MESH] |Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide [MESH]Origins of the current seventh cholera pandemic (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing