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2017 ; 174
(2
): 624-638
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Origins and Evolution of Stomatal Development
#MMPMID28356502
Chater CCC
; Caine RS
; Fleming AJ
; Gray JE
Plant Physiol
2017[Jun]; 174
(2
): 624-638
PMID28356502
show ga
The fossil record suggests stomata-like pores were present on the surfaces of
land plants over 400 million years ago. Whether stomata arose once or whether
they arose independently across newly evolving land plant lineages has long been
a matter of debate. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox has been identified that
tightly controls stomatal development and patterning. This includes the basic
helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, FAMA, and
ICE/SCREAMs (SCRMs), which promote stomatal formation. These factors are
regulated via a signaling cascade, which includes mobile EPIDERMAL PATTERNING
FACTOR (EPF) peptides to enforce stomatal spacing. Mosses and hornworts, the most
ancient extant lineages to possess stomata, possess orthologs of these
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stomatal toolbox genes, and manipulation in
the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has shown that the bHLH and EPF
components are also required for moss stomatal development and patterning. This
supports an ancient and tightly conserved genetic origin of stomata. Here, we
review recent discoveries and, by interrogating newly available plant genomes, we
advance the story of stomatal development and patterning across land plant
evolution. Furthermore, we identify potential orthologs of the key toolbox genes
in a hornwort, further supporting a single ancient genetic origin of stomata in
the ancestor to all stomatous land plants.