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2017 ; 126
(2
): 195-212
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Nuclear morphologies: their diversity and functional relevance
#MMPMID27631793
Skinner BM
; Johnson EE
Chromosoma
2017[Mar]; 126
(2
): 195-212
PMID27631793
show ga
Studies of chromosome and genome biology often focus on condensed chromatin in
the form of chromosomes and neglect the non-dividing cells. Even when interphase
nuclei are considered, they are often then treated as interchangeable round
objects. However, different cell types can have very different nuclear shapes,
and these shapes have impacts on cellular function; indeed, many pathologies are
linked with alterations to nuclear shape. In this review, we describe some of the
nuclear morphologies beyond the spherical and ovoid. Many of the leukocytes of
the immune system have lobed nuclei, which aid their flexibility and migration;
smooth muscle cells have a spindle shaped nucleus, which must deform during
muscle contractions; spermatozoa have highly condensed nuclei which adopt varied
shapes, potentially associated with swimming efficiency. Nuclei are not passive
passengers within the cell. There are clear effects of nuclear shape on the
transcriptional activity of the cell. Recent work has shown that regulation of
gene expression can be influenced by nuclear morphology, and that cells can
drastically remodel their chromatin during differentiation. The link between the
nucleoskeleton and the cytoskeleton at the nuclear envelope provides a mechanism
for transmission of mechanical forces into the nucleus, directly affecting
chromatin compaction and organisation.