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2017 ; 50
(2
): 264-272
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Noninvasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose with Raman Spectroscopy
#MMPMID28071894
Pandey R
; Paidi SK
; Valdez TA
; Zhang C
; Spegazzini N
; Dasari RR
; Barman I
Acc Chem Res
2017[Feb]; 50
(2
): 264-272
PMID28071894
show ga
The successful development of a noninvasive blood glucose sensor that can operate
reliably over sustained periods of time has been a much sought after but elusive
goal in diabetes management. Since diabetes has no well-established cure, control
of elevated glucose levels is critical for avoiding severe secondary health
complications in multiple organs including the retina, kidney and vasculature.
While fingerstick testing continues to be the mainstay of blood glucose
detection, advances in electrochemical sensing-based minimally invasive
approaches have opened the door for alternate methods that would considerably
improve the quality of life for people with diabetes. In the quest for better
sensing approaches, optical technologies have surfaced as attractive candidates
as researchers have sought to exploit the endogenous contrast of glucose, notably
its absorption, scattering, and polarization properties. Vibrational
spectroscopy, especially spontaneous Raman scattering, has exhibited substantial
promise due to its exquisite molecular specificity and minimal interference of
water in the spectral profiles acquired from the blood-tissue matrix. Yet, it has
hitherto been challenging to leverage the Raman scattering signatures of glucose
for prediction in all but the most basic studies and under the least demanding
conditions. In this Account, we discuss the newly developed array of
methodologies that address the key challenges in measuring blood glucose
accurately using Raman spectroscopy and unlock new prospects for translation to
sustained noninvasive measurements in people with diabetes. Owing to the weak
intensity of spontaneous Raman scattering, recent research has focused on
enhancement of signals from the blood constituents by designing novel
excitation-collection geometries and tissue modulation methods while our attempts
have led to the incorporation of nonimaging optical elements. Additionally,
invoking mass transfer modeling into chemometric algorithms has not only
addressed the physiological lag between the actual blood glucose and the measured
interstitial fluid glucose values but also offered a powerful tool for predictive
measurements of hypoglycemia. This framework has recently been extended to
provide longitudinal tracking of glucose concentration without necessitating
extensive a priori concentration information. These findings are advanced by the
results of recent glucose tolerance studies in human subjects, which also hint at
the need for designing nonlinear calibration models that can account for
subject-to-subject variations in skin heterogeneity and hematocrit levels.
Together, the emerging evidence underscores the promise of a blood
withdrawal-free optical platform-featuring a combination of high-throughput Raman
spectroscopic instrumentation and data analysis of subtle variations in spectral
expression-for diabetes screening in the clinic and, ultimately, for personalized
monitoring.
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