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2016 ; 12
(8
): e1005089
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Noncommutative Biology: Sequential Regulation of Complex Networks
#MMPMID27560383
Letsou W
; Cai L
PLoS Comput Biol
2016[Aug]; 12
(8
): e1005089
PMID27560383
show ga
Single-cell variability in gene expression is important for generating distinct
cell types, but it is unclear how cells use the same set of regulatory molecules
to specifically control similarly regulated genes. While combinatorial binding of
transcription factors at promoters has been proposed as a solution for cell-type
specific gene expression, we found that such models resulted in substantial
information bottlenecks. We sought to understand the consequences of adopting
sequential logic wherein the time-ordering of factors informs the final outcome.
We showed that with noncommutative control, it is possible to independently
control targets that would otherwise be activated simultaneously using
combinatorial logic. Consequently, sequential logic overcomes the information
bottleneck inherent in complex networks. We derived scaling laws for two
noncommutative models of regulation, motivated by phosphorylation/neural networks
and chromosome folding, respectively, and showed that they scale
super-exponentially in the number of regulators. We also showed that specificity
in control is robust to the loss of a regulator. Lastly, we connected these
theoretical results to real biological networks that demonstrate specificity in
the context of promiscuity. These results show that achieving a desired outcome
often necessitates roundabout steps.