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2015 ; 96
(Pt B
): 223-34
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New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal
#MMPMID25433149
Jackson KJ
; Muldoon PP
; De Biasi M
; Damaj MI
Neuropharmacology
2015[Sep]; 96
(Pt B
): 223-34
PMID25433149
show ga
Diseases associated with tobacco use constitute a major health problem worldwide.
Upon cessation of tobacco use, an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome occurs in
dependent individuals. Avoidance of the negative state produced by nicotine
withdrawal represents a motivational component that promotes continued tobacco
use and relapse after smoking cessation. With the modest success rate of
currently available smoking cessation therapies, understanding mechanisms
involved in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are crucial for developing
successful treatments. Animal models provide a useful tool for examining
neuroadaptative mechanisms and factors influencing nicotine withdrawal, including
sex, age, and genetic factors. Such research has also identified an important
role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in different aspects of the nicotine
withdrawal syndrome (e.g., physical vs. affective signs). In addition to
nicotinic receptors, the opioid and endocannabinoid systems, various signal
transduction pathways, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been implicated
in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Animal studies have informed human studies
of genetic variants and potential targets for smoking cessation therapies.
Overall, the available literature indicates that the nicotine withdrawal syndrome
is complex, and involves a range of neurobiological mechanisms. As research in
nicotine withdrawal progresses, new pharmacological options for smokers
attempting to quit can be identified, and treatments with fewer side effects that
are better tailored to the unique characteristics of patients may become
available. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic
Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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