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2014 ; 9
(ä): 367-94
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N-glycosylation in regulation of the nervous system
#MMPMID25151388
Scott H
; Panin VM
Adv Neurobiol
2014[]; 9
(ä): 367-94
PMID25151388
show ga
Protein N-glycosylation can influence the nervous system in a variety of ways by
affecting functions of glycoproteins involved in nervous system development and
physiology. The importance of N-glycans for different aspects of neural
development has been well documented. For example, some N-linked carbohydrate
structures were found to play key roles in neural cell adhesion and axonal
targeting during development. At the same time, the involvement of glycosylation
in the regulation of neural physiology remains less understood. Recent studies
have implicated N-glycosylation in the regulation of neural transmission,
revealing novel roles of glycans in synaptic processes and the control of neural
excitability. N-Glycans were found to markedly affect the function of several
types of synaptic proteins involved in key steps of synaptic transmission,
including neurotransmitter release, reception, and uptake. Glycosylation also
regulates a number of channel proteins, such as TRP channels that control
responses to environmental stimuli and voltage-gated ion channels, the principal
determinants of neuronal excitability. Sialylated carbohydrate structures play a
particularly prominent part in the modulation of voltage-gated ion channels.
Sialic acids appear to affect channel functions via several mechanisms, including
charge interactions, as well as other interactions that probably engage steric
effects and interactions with other molecules. Experiments also indicated that
some structural features of glycans can be particularly important for their
function. Since glycan structures can vary significantly between different cell
types and depend on the metabolic state of the cell, it is important to analyze
glycan functions using in vivo approaches. While the complexity of the nervous
system and intricacies of glycosylation pathways can create serious obstacles for
in vivo experiments in vertebrates, recent studies have indicated that more
simple and experimentally tractable model organisms like Drosophila should
provide important advantages for elucidating evolutionarily conserved functions
of N-glycosylation in the nervous system.