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2011 ; 12
(6
): 064702
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Monohydrocalcite: a promising remediation material for hazardous anions
#MMPMID27877452
Fukushi K
; Munemoto T
; Sakai M
; Yagi S
Sci Technol Adv Mater
2011[Dec]; 12
(6
): 064702
PMID27877452
show ga
The formation conditions, solubility and stability of monohydrocalcite (MHC,
CaCO(3)·H(2)O), as well as sorption behaviors of toxic anions on MHC, are
reviewed to evaluate MHC as a remediation material for hazardous oxyanions. MHC
is a rare mineral in geological settings that occurs in recent sediments in
saline lakes. Water temperature does not seem to be an important factor for MHC
formation. The pH of lake water is usually higher than 8 and the Mg/Ca ratio
exceeds 4. MHC synthesis experiments as a function of time indicate that MHC is
formed from amorphous calcium carbonate and transforms to calcite and/or
aragonite. Most studies show that MHC forms from solutions containing Mg, which
inhibits the formation of stable calcium carbonates. The solubility of MHC is
higher than those of calcite, aragonite and vaterite, but lower than those of
ikaite and amorphous calcium carbonate at ambient temperature. The solubility of
MHC decreases with temperature. MHC is unstable and readily transforms to calcite
or aragonite. The transformation consists of the dissolution of MHC and the
subsequent formation of stable phases from the solution. The rate-limiting steps
of the transformation of MHC are the nucleation and growth of stable crystalline
phases. Natural occurrences indicate that certain additives, particularly PO(4)
and Mg, stabilize MHC. Laboratory studies confirm that a small amount of PO(4) in
solution (>30 ?M) can significantly inhibit the transformation of MHC. MHC has a
higher sorption capacity for PO(4) than calcite and aragonite. The modes of PO(4)
uptake are adsorption on the MHC surface at moderate phosphate concentrations and
precipitation of secondary calcium phosphate minerals at higher concentrations.
Arsenate is most likely removed from the solution during the transformation of
MHC. The proposed sorption mechanism of arsenate is coprecipitation during
crystallization of aragonite. The arsenic sorption capacity by MHC is
significantly higher than simple adsorption on calcite.