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2015 ; 4
(2
): 137-45
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Modelling of soldier fly halteres for gyroscopic oscillations
#MMPMID25572422
Parween R
; Pratap R
Biol Open
2015[Jan]; 4
(2
): 137-45
PMID25572422
show ga
Nature has evolved a beautiful design for small-scale vibratory rate-gyro in the
form of dipteran halteres that detect body rotations via Coriolis acceleration.
In most Diptera, including soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, halteres are a pair of
special organs, located in the space between the thorax and the abdomen. The
halteres along with their connecting joint with the fly's body constitute a
mechanism that is used for muscle-actuated oscillations of the halteres along the
actuation direction. These oscillations lead to bending vibrations in the sensing
direction (out of the haltere's actuation plane) upon any impressed rotation due
to the resulting Coriolis force. This induced vibration is sensed by the sensory
organs at the base of the haltere in order to determine the rate of rotation. In
this study, we evaluate the boundary conditions and the stiffness of the
anesthetized halteres along the actuation and the sensing direction. We take
several cross-sectional SEM (scanning electron microscope) images of the soldier
fly haltere and construct its three dimensional model to get the mass properties.
Based on these measurements, we estimate the natural frequency along both
actuation and sensing directions, propose a finite element model of the haltere's
joint mechanism, and discuss the significance of the haltere's asymmetric
cross-section. The estimated natural frequency along the actuation direction is
within the range of the haltere's flapping frequency. However, the natural
frequency along the sensing direction is roughly double the haltere's flapping
frequency that provides a large bandwidth for sensing the rate of rotation to the
soldier flies.
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