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2016 ; 116
(2
): 125-34
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Microguards and micromessengers of the genome
#MMPMID26419338
Green D
; Dalmay T
; Chapman T
Heredity (Edinb)
2016[Feb]; 116
(2
): 125-34
PMID26419338
show ga
The regulation of gene expression is of fundamental importance to maintain
organismal function and integrity and requires a multifaceted and highly ordered
sequence of events. The cyclic nature of gene expression is known as
'transcription dynamics'. Disruption or perturbation of these dynamics can result
in significant fitness costs arising from genome instability, accelerated ageing
and disease. We review recent research that supports the idea that an important
new role for small RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), is in protecting the
genome against short-term transcriptional fluctuations, in a process we term
'microguarding'. An additional emerging role for miRNAs is as
'micromessengers'-through alteration of gene expression in target cells to which
they are trafficked within microvesicles. We describe the scant but emerging
evidence that miRNAs can be moved between different cells, individuals and even
species, to exert biologically significant responses. With these two new roles,
miRNAs have the potential to protect against deleterious gene expression
variation from perturbation and to themselves perturb the expression of genes in
target cells. These interactions between cells will frequently be subject to
conflicts of interest when they occur between unrelated cells that lack a
coincidence of fitness interests. Hence, there is the potential for miRNAs to
represent both a means to resolve conflicts of interest, as well as instigate
them. We conclude by exploring this conflict hypothesis, by describing some of
the initial evidence consistent with it and proposing new ideas for future
research into this exciting topic.
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