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2015 ; 4
(8
): 1651-67
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MicroRNA Processing and Human Cancer
#MMPMID26308063
Ohtsuka M
; Ling H
; Doki Y
; Mori M
; Calin GA
J Clin Med
2015[Aug]; 4
(8
): 1651-67
PMID26308063
show ga
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs of 20 to 25 nucleotides that
regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally mainly by binding to a specific
sequence of the 3' end of the untranslated region (3'UTR) of target genes. Since
the first report on the clinical relevance of miRNAs in cancer, many miRNAs have
been demonstrated to act as oncogenes, whereas others function as tumor
suppressors. Furthermore, global miRNA dysregulation, due to alterations in miRNA
processing factors, has been observed in a large variety of human cancer types.
As previous studies have shown, the sequential miRNA processing can be divided
into three steps: processing by RNAse in the nucleus; transportation by
Exportin-5 (XPO5) from the nucleus; and processing by the RNA-induced silencing
complex (RISC) in the cytoplasm. Alteration in miRNA processing genes, by genomic
mutations, aberrant expression or other means, could significantly affect cancer
initiation, progression and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the
biogenesis of miRNAs with emphasis on the potential of miRNA processing factors
in human cancers.