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2016 ; 61
(2
): 146-51
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Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies
#MMPMID27057012
Setia MS
Indian J Dermatol
2016[Mar]; 61
(2
): 146-51
PMID27057012
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Case-Control study design is a type of observational study. In this design,
participants are selected for the study based on their outcome status. Thus, some
participants have the outcome of interest (referred to as cases), whereas others
do not have the outcome of interest (referred to as controls). The investigator
then assesses the exposure in both these groups. The investigator should define
the cases as specifically as possible. Sometimes, definition of a disease may be
based on multiple criteria; thus, all these points should be explicitly stated in
case definition. An important aspect of selecting a control is that they should
be from the same 'study base' as that of the cases. We can select controls from a
variety of groups. Some of them are: General population; relatives or friends;
and hospital patients. Matching is often used in case-control control studies to
ensure that the cases and controls are similar in certain characteristics, and it
is a useful technique to increase the efficiency of the study. Case-Control
studies can usually be conducted relatively faster and are inexpensive -
particularly when compared with cohort studies (prospective). It is useful to
study rare outcomes and outcomes with long latent periods. This design is not
very useful to study rare exposures. Furthermore, they may also be prone to
certain biases - selection bias and recall bias.
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