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2015 ; 7
(2
): 6-16
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Mechanisms of Oncolysis by Paramyxovirus Sendai
#MMPMID26085940
Acta Naturae
2015[Apr]; 7
(2
): 6-16
PMID26085940
show ga
Some viral strains of the Paramyxoviridae family may be used as anti-tumor
agents. Oncolytic paramyxoviruses include attenuated strains of the measles
virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus. These viral strains, and the
Sendai virus in particular, can preferentially induce the death of malignant,
rather than normal, cells. The death of cancer cells results from both direct
killing by the virus and through virus-induced activation of anticancer immunity.
Sialic-acid-containing glycoproteins that are overexpressed in cancer cells serve
as receptors for some oncolytic paramyxoviruses and ensure preferential
interaction of paramyxoviruses with malignant cells. Frequent genetic defects in
interferon and apoptotic response systems that are common to cancer cells ensure
better susceptibility of malignant cells to viruses. The Sendai virus as a
Paramyxovirus is capable of inducing the formation of syncytia, multinuclear cell
structures which promote viral infection spread within a tumor without virus
exposure to host neutralizing antibodies. As a result, the Sendai virus can cause
mass killing of malignant cells and tumor destruction. Oncolytic paramyxoviruses
can also promote the immune-mediated elimination of malignant cells. In
particular, they are powerful inducers of interferon and other cytokynes
promoting antitumor activity of various cell components of the immune response,
such as dendritic and natural killer cells, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Taken together these mechanisms explain the impressive oncolytic activity of
paramyxoviruses that hold promise as future, efficient anticancer therapeutics.