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2011 ; 1
(2
): 783-807
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Mechanics of the nucleus
#MMPMID23737203
Lammerding J
Compr Physiol
2011[Apr]; 1
(2
): 783-807
PMID23737203
show ga
The nucleus is the distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells. Until recently, it
was often considered simply as a unique compartment containing the genetic
information of the cell and associated machinery, without much attention to its
structure and mechanical properties. This article provides compelling examples
that illustrate how specific nuclear structures are associated with important
cellular functions, and how defects in nuclear mechanics can cause a multitude of
human diseases. During differentiation, embryonic stem cells modify their nuclear
envelope composition and chromatin structure, resulting in stiffer nuclei that
reflect decreased transcriptional plasticity. In contrast, neutrophils have
evolved characteristic lobulated nuclei that increase their physical plasticity,
enabling passage through narrow tissue spaces in their response to inflammation.
Research on diverse cell types further demonstrates how induced nuclear
deformations during cellular compression or stretch can modulate cellular
function. Pathological examples of disturbed nuclear mechanics include the many
diseases caused by mutations in the nuclear envelope proteins lamin A/C and
associated proteins, as well as cancer cells that are often characterized by
abnormal nuclear morphology. In this article, we will focus on determining the
functional relationship between nuclear mechanics and cellular (dys-)function,
describing the molecular changes associated with physiological and pathological
examples, the resulting defects in nuclear mechanics, and the effects on cellular
function. New insights into the close relationship between nuclear mechanics and
cellular organization and function will yield a better understanding of normal
biology and will offer new clues into therapeutic approaches to the various
diseases associated with defective nuclear mechanics.
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