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2016 ; 12
(ä): 1623-1634
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Management of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis: challenges and solutions
#MMPMID27853374
Al-Kofahi K
; Korsten P
; Ascoli C
; Virupannavar S
; Mirsaeidi M
; Chang I
; Qaqish N
; Saketkoo LA
; Baughman RP
; Sweiss NJ
Ther Clin Risk Manag
2016[]; 12
(ä): 1623-1634
PMID27853374
show ga
BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown etiology
characterized by noncaseating granulomas that most often involves the lungs, but
frequently has extrapulmonary manifestations, which might be difficult to treat
in individual patients. OBJECTIVE: To review different disease manifestations,
focusing on extrapulmonary organ systems, and to provide treatment options for
refractory cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a literature search using
Medline and Google Scholar for individual or combined keywords of "sarcoidosis,
extrapulmonary, treatment, kidney, neurosarcoidosis, cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, transplantation, musculoskeletal, rheumatology, arthritis, and
skin". Peer-reviewed articles, including review articles, clinical trials,
observational trials, and case reports that were published in English were
included. References from retrieved articles were also manually searched for
relevant articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Isolated involvement of a single organ
or organ system is rare in sarcoidosis, and thus all patients must be thoroughly
evaluated for additional disease manifestations. Cardiac sarcoidosis and
neurosarcoidosis may be life-threatening. Clinicians need to assess patients
comprehensively using clinical, laboratory, imaging, and histopathological data
to recommend competently the best and least toxic treatment option for the
individual patient.