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2016 ; 113
(39
): 10797-801
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Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain
#MMPMID27601646
Maher BA
; Ahmed IA
; Karloukovski V
; MacLaren DA
; Foulds PG
; Allsop D
; Mann DM
; Torres-Jardón R
; Calderon-Garciduenas L
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2016[Sep]; 113
(39
): 10797-801
PMID27601646
show ga
Biologically formed nanoparticles of the strongly magnetic mineral, magnetite,
were first detected in the human brain over 20 y ago [Kirschvink JL,
Kobayashi-Kirschvink A, Woodford BJ (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
89(16):7683-7687]. Magnetite can have potentially large impacts on the brain due
to its unique combination of redox activity, surface charge, and strongly
magnetic behavior. We used magnetic analyses and electron microscopy to identify
the abundant presence in the brain of magnetite nanoparticles that are consistent
with high-temperature formation, suggesting, therefore, an external, not
internal, source. Comprising a separate nanoparticle population from the euhedral
particles ascribed to endogenous sources, these brain magnetites are often found
with other transition metal nanoparticles, and they display rounded crystal
morphologies and fused surface textures, reflecting crystallization upon cooling
from an initially heated, iron-bearing source material. Such high-temperature
magnetite nanospheres are ubiquitous and abundant in airborne particulate matter
pollution. They arise as combustion-derived, iron-rich particles, often
associated with other transition metal particles, which condense and/or oxidize
upon airborne release. Those magnetite pollutant particles which are 200 nm in
diameter can enter the brain directly via the olfactory bulb. Their presence
proves that externally sourced iron-bearing nanoparticles, rather than their
soluble compounds, can be transported directly into the brain, where they may
pose hazard to human health.