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2014 ; 27
(1
): 1-8
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Magnesium and embryonic development
#MMPMID24721994
Komiya Y
; Su LT
; Chen HC
; Habas R
; Runnels LW
Magnes Res
2014[Jan]; 27
(1
): 1-8
PMID24721994
show ga
Important for energy metabolism, neurotransmission, bone stability, and other
cellular functions, Mg(2+) has well-established and undisputedly critical roles
in adult tissues. Its contributions to early embryonic development are less
clearly understood. For decades it has been known that gestational Mg(2+)
deficiency in rodents produces teratogenic effects. More recent studies have
linked deficiency in this vital cation to birth defects in humans, including
spina bifida, a neural fold closure defect in humans that occurs at an average
rate of 1 per 1000 pregnancies. The first suggestion that Mg(2+) may be playing a
more specific role in early development arose from studies of the TRPM7 and TRPM6
ion channels. TRPM7 and TRPM6 are divalent-selective ion channels in possession
of their own kinase domains that have been implicated in the control of Mg(2+)
homeostasis in vertebrates. Disruption of the functions of these ion channels in
mice as well as in frogs interferes with gastrulation, a pivotal process during
early embryonic development that executes the emergence of the body plan and
closure of the neural tube. Surprisingly, gastrulation defects produced by
depletion of TRPM7 can be prevented by Mg(2+) supplementation, indicating an
essential role for Mg(2+) in gastrulation and neural fold closure. The aim of
this review is to summarize the data emerging from molecular genetic, biochemical
and electrophysiological studies of TRPM6 and TRPM7 and provide a model of how
Mg(2+), through these unique channel-kinases, may be impacting early embryonic
development.