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2017 ; 469
(3-4
): 527-539
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Macrophages in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation
#MMPMID28283748
Grainger JR
; Konkel JE
; Zangerle-Murray T
; Shaw TN
Pflugers Arch
2017[Apr]; 469
(3-4
): 527-539
PMID28283748
show ga
Monocyte-derived mononuclear phagocytes, particularly macrophages, are crucial to
maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis in the steady state but are also important
for protection against certain pathogens. However, when uncontrolled, they can
promote immunopathology. Broadly two subsets of macrophages can be considered to
perform the vast array of functions to complete these complex tasks: resident
macrophages that dominate in the healthy gut and inflammation-elicited
(inflammatory) macrophages that derive from circulating monocytes infiltrating
inflamed tissue. Here, we discuss the features of resident and inflammatory
intestinal macrophages, complexities in identifying and defining these
populations and the mechanisms involved in their differentiation. In particular,
focus will be placed on describing their unique ontogeny as well as local
gastrointestinal signals that instruct specialisation of resident macrophages in
healthy tissue. We then explore the very different roles of inflammatory
macrophages and describe new data suggesting that they may be educated not only
by the gut microenvironment but also by signals they receive during development
in the bone marrow. Given the high degree of plasticity of gut macrophages and
their multifaceted roles in both healthy and inflamed tissue, understanding the
mechanisms controlling their differentiation could inform development of improved
therapies for inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).