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2017 ; 2017
(ä): 6739236
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MNRR1, a Biorganellar Regulator of Mitochondria
#MMPMID28685009
Grossman LI
; Purandare N
; Arshad R
; Gladyck S
; Somayajulu M
; Hüttemann M
; Aras S
Oxid Med Cell Longev
2017[]; 2017
(ä): 6739236
PMID28685009
show ga
The central role of energy metabolism in cellular activities is becoming widely
recognized. However, there are many gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms by
which mitochondria evaluate their status and call upon the nucleus to make
adjustments. Recently, a protein family consisting of twin CX(9)C proteins has
been shown to play a role in human pathophysiology. We focus here on two family
members, the isoforms CHCHD2 (renamed MNRR1) and CHCHD10. The better studied
isoform, MNRR1, has the unusual property of functioning in both the mitochondria
and the nucleus and of having a different function in each. In the mitochondria,
it functions by binding to cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which stimulates
respiration. Its binding to COX is promoted by tyrosine-99 phosphorylation,
carried out by ABL2 kinase (ARG). In the nucleus, MNRR1 binds to a novel promoter
element in COX4I2 and itself, increasing transcription at 4% oxygen. We discuss
mutations in both MNRR1 and CHCHD10 found in a number of chronic, mostly
neurodegenerative, diseases. Finally, we propose a model of a graded response to
hypoxic and oxidative stresses, mediated under different oxygen tensions by
CHCHD10, MNRR1, and HIF1, which operate at intermediate and very low oxygen
concentrations, respectively.