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2017 ; 7
(4
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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Linear ubiquitin chains: enzymes, mechanisms and biology
#MMPMID28446710
Rittinger K
; Ikeda F
Open Biol
2017[Apr]; 7
(4
): ä PMID28446710
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Ubiquitination is a versatile post-translational modification that regulates a
multitude of cellular processes. Its versatility is based on the ability of
ubiquitin to form multiple types of polyubiquitin chains, which are recognized by
specific ubiquitin receptors to induce the required cellular response. Linear
ubiquitin chains are linked through Met 1 and have been established as important
players of inflammatory signalling and apoptotic cell death. These chains are
generated by a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex called the linear ubiquitin chain
assembly complex (LUBAC) that is thus far the only E3 ligase capable of forming
linear ubiquitin chains. The complex consists of three subunits, HOIP, HOIL-1L
and SHARPIN, each of which have specific roles in the observed biological
functions of LUBAC. Furthermore, LUBAC has been found to be associated with
OTULIN and CYLD, deubiquitinases that disassemble linear chains and
counterbalance the E3 ligase activity of LUBAC. Gene mutations in HOIP, HOIL-1L
and OTULIN are found in human patients who suffer from autoimmune diseases, and
HOIL-1L mutations are also found in myopathy patients. In this paper, we discuss
the mechanisms of linear ubiquitin chain generation and disassembly by their
respective enzymes and review our current understanding of their biological
functions and association with human diseases.