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.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 Environ+Health
2017 ; 16
(1
): 34
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Lead exposure at firing ranges-a review
#MMPMID28376827
Laidlaw MA
; Filippelli G
; Mielke H
; Gulson B
; Ball AS
Environ Health
2017[Apr]; 16
(1
): 34
PMID28376827
show ga
BACKGROUND: Lead (Pb) is a toxic substance with well-known, multiple, long-term,
adverse health outcomes. Shooting guns at firing ranges is an occupational
necessity for security personnel, police officers, members of the military, and
increasingly a recreational activity by the public. In the United States alone,
an estimated 16,000-18,000 firing ranges exist. Discharge of Pb dust and gases is
a consequence of shooting guns. METHODS: The objectives of this study are to
review the literature on blood lead levels (BLLs) and potential adverse health
effects associated with the shooting population. The search terms "blood lead",
"lead poisoning", "lead exposure", "marksmen", "firearms", "shooting", "guns",
"rifles" and "firing ranges" were used in the search engines Google Scholar,
PubMed and Science Direct to identify studies that described BLLs in association
with firearm use and health effects associated with shooting activities. RESULTS:
Thirty-six articles were reviewed that included BLLs from shooters at firing
ranges. In 31 studies BLLs?>?10 ?g/dL were reported in some shooters, 18 studies
reported BLLs?>?20 ?g/dL, 17 studies?>?30 ?g/d, and 15 studies BLLs?>?40 ?g/dL.
The literature indicates that BLLs in shooters are associated with Pb aerosol
discharge from guns and air Pb at firing ranges, number of bullets discharged,
and the caliber of weapon fired. CONCLUSIONS: Shooting at firing ranges results
in the discharge of Pb dust, elevated BLLs, and exposures that are associated
with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Women and children are among
recreational shooters at special risk and they do not receive the same health
protections as occupational users of firing ranges. Nearly all BLL measurements
compiled in the reviewed studies exceed the current reference level of 5 ?g/dL
recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (CDC/NIOSH). Thus firing ranges,
regardless of type and user classification, currently constitute a significant
and unmanaged public health problem. Prevention includes clothing changed after
shooting, behavioural modifications such as banning of smoking and eating at
firing ranges, improved ventilation systems and oversight of indoor ranges, and
development of airflow systems at outdoor ranges. Eliminating lead dust risk at
firing ranges requires primary prevention and using lead-free primers and
lead-free bullets.
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