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2014 ; 247
(9-10
): 797-814
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Labeling and functionalizing amphipols for biological applications
#MMPMID24696186
Le Bon C
; Popot JL
; Giusti F
J Membr Biol
2014[Oct]; 247
(9-10
): 797-814
PMID24696186
show ga
Amphipols (APols) are short amphipathic polymers developed as an alternative to
detergents for handling membrane proteins (MPs) in aqueous solution. MPs are, as
a rule, much more stable following trapping with APols than they are in detergent
solutions. The best-characterized APol to date, called A8-35, is a mixture of
short-chain sodium polyacrylates randomly derivatized with octylamine and
isopropylamine. Its solution properties have been studied in detail, and it has
been used extensively for biochemical and biophysical studies of MPs. One of the
attractive characteristics of APols is that it is relatively easy to label them,
isotopically or otherwise, without affecting their physical-chemical properties.
Furthermore, several variously modified APols can be mixed, achieving multiple
functionalization of MP/APol complexes in the easiest possible manner. Labeled or
tagged APols are being used to study the solution properties of APols, their
miscibility, their biodistribution upon injection into living organisms, their
association with MPs and the composition, structure and dynamics of MP/APol
complexes, examining the exchange of surfactants at the surface of MPs, labeling
MPs to follow their distribution in fractionation experiments or to immobilize
them, increasing the contrast between APols and solvent or MPs in biophysical
experiments, improving NMR spectra, etc. Labeling or functionalization of APols
can take various courses, each of which has its specific constraints and
advantages regarding both synthesis and purification. The present review offers
an overview of the various derivatives of A8-35 and its congeners that have been
developed in our laboratory and discusses the pros and cons of various synthetic
routes.
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