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2018 ; 2018
(ä): 3068365
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Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts
#MMPMID29515627
Alelign T
; Petros B
Adv Urol
2018[]; 2018
(ä): 3068365
PMID29515627
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Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys.
It is an increasing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of
the world population. It has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage
renal failure. The etiology of kidney stone is multifactorial. The most common
type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate formed at Randall's plaque on the renal
papillary surfaces. The mechanism of stone formation is a complex process which
results from several physicochemical events including supersaturation,
nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents
within tubular cells. These steps are modulated by an imbalance between factors
that promote or inhibit urinary crystallization. It is also noted that cellular
injury promotes retention of particles on renal papillary surfaces. The exposure
of renal epithelial cells to oxalate causes a signaling cascade which leads to
apoptosis by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Currently, there is
no satisfactory drug to cure and/or prevent kidney stone recurrences. Thus,
further understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney stone formation is a
research area to manage urolithiasis using new drugs. Therefore, this review has
intended to provide a compiled up-to-date information on kidney stone etiology,
pathogenesis, and prevention approaches.
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