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2016 ; 7
(ä): 453
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Intercellular Interactions as Regulators of NETosis
#MMPMID27895638
Kazzaz NM
; Sule G
; Knight JS
Front Immunol
2016[]; 7
(ä): 453
PMID27895638
show ga
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are chromatin-derived webs extruded from
neutrophils in response to either infection or sterile stimulation with
chemicals, cytokines, or microbial products. The vast majority of studies have
characterized NET release (also called NETosis) in pure neutrophil cultures in
vitro. The situation is surely more complex in vivo as neutrophils constantly
sample not only pathogens and soluble mediators but also signals from cellular
partners, including platelets and endothelial cells. This complexity is beginning
to be explored by studies utilizing in vitro co-culture, as well as animal models
of sepsis, infective endocarditis, lung injury, and thrombosis. Indeed, various
selectins, integrins, and surface glycoproteins have been implicated in
platelet-neutrophil interactions that promote NETosis, albeit with disparate
results across studies. NETosis can also clearly be regulated by soluble
mediators derived from platelets, such as eicosanoids, chemokines, and alarmins.
Beyond platelets, the role of the endothelium in modulating NETosis is being
increasingly revealed, with adhesive interactions likely priming neutrophils
toward NETosis. The fact that the same selectins and surface glycoproteins may be
expressed by both platelets and endothelial cells complicates the interpretation
of in vivo data. In summary, we suggest in this review that the engagement of
neutrophils with activated cellular partners provides an important in vivo signal
or "hit" toward NETosis. Studies should, therefore, increasingly consider the
triumvirate of neutrophils, platelets, and the endothelium when exploring
NETosis, especially in disease states.