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2014 ; 36
(ä): 31-8
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Induction and patterning of the metanephric nephron
#MMPMID25194660
O'Brien LL
; McMahon AP
Semin Cell Dev Biol
2014[Dec]; 36
(ä): 31-8
PMID25194660
show ga
The functional unit of the mammalian metanephric kidney is the nephron: a complex
tubular structure dedicated to blood filtration and maintenance of several
important physiological functions. Nephrons are assembled from a
nephron-restricted pool of mesenchymal progenitors over an extensive
developmental period that is completed prior to (human), or shortly after
(mouse), birth. An appropriate balance in the expansion and commitment of nephron
progenitors to nephron formation is essential for normal kidney function. Too few
nephrons increase risk of kidney disease later in life while the failure of
normal progenitor differentiation in Wilm's tumor patients leads to massive
growth of a nephroblast population often necessitating surgical removal of the
kidney. An inductive process within the metanephric mesenchyme leads to the
formation of a pretubular aggregate which transitions into an epithelial renal
vesicle: the precursor for nephron assembly. Growth, morphogenesis and patterning
transform this simple cyst-like structure into a highly elongated mature nephron
with distinct cell types positioned along a proximal (glomerular) to distal
(connecting segment) axis of functional organization. This review discusses our
current understanding of the specification, maintenance and commitment of nephron
progenitors, and the regulatory processes that transform the renal vesicle into a
nephron.
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