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2016 ; 22
(39
): 8684-8697
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Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges
#MMPMID27818586
Guido M
; Tumolo MR
; Verri T
; Romano A
; Serio F
; De Giorgi M
; De Donno A
; Bagordo F
; Zizza A
World J Gastroenterol
2016[Oct]; 22
(39
): 8684-8697
PMID27818586
show ga
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found
worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of
6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from
patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first
HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected
principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA
viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames
encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear
phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and
VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of
animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in in vitro cell
cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least
another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen
infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include
polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins,
although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with
next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of
the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV
genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic
analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The
emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also
emphasized.
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