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2016 ; 113
(36
): 10215-20
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How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world
#MMPMID27551075
Suchak M
; Eppley TM
; Campbell MW
; Feldman RA
; Quarles LF
; de Waal FB
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2016[Sep]; 113
(36
): 10215-20
PMID27551075
show ga
Our species is routinely depicted as unique in its ability to achieve
cooperation, whereas our closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), is
often characterized as overly competitive. Human cooperation is assisted by the
cost attached to competitive tendencies through enforcement mechanisms, such as
punishment and partner choice. To examine if chimpanzees possess the same ability
to mitigate competition, we set up a cooperative task in the presence of the
entire group of 11 adults, which required two or three individuals to pull
jointly to receive rewards. This open-group set-up provided ample opportunity for
competition (e.g., freeloading, displacements) and aggression. Despite this
unique set-up and initial competitiveness, cooperation prevailed in the end,
being at least five times as common as competition. The chimpanzees performed
3,565 cooperative acts while using a variety of enforcement mechanisms to
overcome competition and freeloading, as measured by (attempted) thefts of
rewards. These mechanisms included direct protest by the target, third-party
punishment in which dominant individuals intervened against freeloaders, and
partner choice. There was a marked difference between freeloading and
displacement; freeloading tended to elicit withdrawal and third-party
interventions, whereas displacements were met with a higher rate of direct
retaliation. Humans have shown similar responses in controlled experiments,
suggesting shared mechanisms across the primates to mitigate competition for the
sake of cooperation.
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