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10.2147/EB.S70522 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.2147/EB.S70522 C5398729!5398729 !28539787     free     free     free Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\28539787 .jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Eye+Brain 2014 ; 6 (ä): 9-17 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=28539787 |t=2014. How bees distinguish black from white |pdf=|usr=}}{{28539787 }} gab.com Text How bees distinguish black from white JO: Eye Brain http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28539787 #FOAvip Bee eyes have photoreceptors for ultraviolet, green, and blue wavelengths that are excited by reflected white but not by black. With ultraviolet reflections excluded by the apparatus, bees can learn to distinguish between black, gray, and white, but theories of color vision are clearly of no help in explaining how they succeed. Human vision sidesteps the issue by constructing black and white in the brain. Bees have quite different and accessible mechanisms. As revealed by extensive tests of trained bees, bees learned two strong signals displayed on either target. The first input was the position and a measure of the green receptor modulation at the vertical edges of a black area, which included a measure of the angular width between the edges of black. They also learned the average position and total amount of blue reflected from white areas. These two inputs were sufficient to help decide which of two targets held the reward of sugar solution, but the bees cared nothing for the black or white as colors, or the direction of contrast at black/white edges. These findings provide a small step toward understanding, modeling, and implementing in silicon the anti-intuitive visual system of the honeybee, in feeding behavior. Twit Text FOAVip How bees distinguish black from white ????Eye Brain http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28539787 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28539787 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28539787 }}</ref> How bees distinguish black from white #MMPMID28539787 Horridge A Eye Brain 2014[]; 6 (ä): 9-17 PMID28539787 show ga Bee eyes have photoreceptors for ultraviolet, green, and blue wavelengths that are excited by reflected white but not by black. With ultraviolet reflections excluded by the apparatus, bees can learn to distinguish between black, gray, and white, but theories of color vision are clearly of no help in explaining how they succeed. Human vision sidesteps the issue by constructing black and white in the brain. Bees have quite different and accessible mechanisms. As revealed by extensive tests of trained bees, bees learned two strong signals displayed on either target. The first input was the position and a measure of the green receptor modulation at the vertical edges of a black area, which included a measure of the angular width between the edges of black. They also learned the average position and total amount of blue reflected from white areas. These two inputs were sufficient to help decide which of two targets held the reward of sugar solution, but the bees cared nothing for the black or white as colors, or the direction of contrast at black/white edges. These findings provide a small step toward understanding, modeling, and implementing in silicon the anti-intuitive visual system of the honeybee, in feeding behavior. äHow bees distinguish black from white (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing