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2015 ; 25
(5
): 605-13
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English Wikipedia
Henipavirus Encephalitis: Recent Developments and Advances
#MMPMID26276024
Ong KC
; Wong KT
Brain Pathol
2015[Sep]; 25
(5
): 605-13
PMID26276024
show ga
The genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae includes the Hendra virus
(HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) which were discovered in the 1990s in Australia and
Malaysia, respectively, after emerging to cause severe and often fatal outbreaks
in humans and animals. While HeV is confined to Australia, more recent NiV
outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh, India and the Philippines. The
clinical manifestations of both henipaviruses in humans appear similar, with a
predominance of an acute encephalitic syndrome. Likewise, the pathological
features are similar and characterized by disseminated, multi-organ vasculopathy
comprising endothelial infection/ulceration, vasculitis, vasculitis-induced
thrombosis/occlusion, parenchymal ischemia/microinfarction, and parenchymal cell
infection in the central nervous system (CNS), lung, kidney and other major
organs. This unique dual pathogenetic mechanism of vasculitis-induced
microinfarction and neuronal infection causes severe tissue damage in the CNS.
Both viruses can also cause relapsing encephalitis months and years after the
acute infection. Many animal models studied to date have largely confirmed the
pathology of henipavirus infection, and provided the means to test new
therapeutic agents and vaccines. As the bat is the natural host of henipaviruses
and has worldwide distribution, spillover events into human populations are
expected to occur in the future.