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2015 ; 6
(ä): 991
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Hallucinations and related concepts-their conceptual background
#MMPMID26283978
Telles-Correia D
; Moreira AL
; Gonçalves JS
Front Psychol
2015[]; 6
(ä): 991
PMID26283978
show ga
Prior to the seventeenth century, the experiences we now name hallucinations were
valued within a cultural context, they could bring meaning to the subject or the
world. From mid-seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, they acquire a medical
quality in mental and organic illnesses. However, the term was only fully
integrated in psychiatry by Esquirol in the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries. By
then, a controversy begins on whether hallucinations have a perceptual or
intellectual origin. Esquirol favors the intellectual origin, describing them as
an involuntary exercise of memory and imagination. By the twentieth century, some
authors maintain that hallucinations are a form of delusion (Ey), while others
describe them as a change in perception (Jaspers, Fish). More integrated
perspectives like those proposed by Alonso Fernandez and Luque, highlights the
heterogeneity of hallucinations and the multiplicity of their types and causes.
The terms pseudohallucination, illusion, and hallucinosis are grafted into the
concept of hallucination. Since its introduction the term pseudohallucination has
been used with different meanings. The major characteristics that we found
associated with pseudohallucinations were "lack of objectivity" and "presence of
insight" (differing from hallucinations). Illusions are unanimously taken as
distortions of real objects. Hallucinosis, first described in the context of
alcohol consumption, is generally considered egodystonic, in which insight is
preserved. These and other controversial aspects regarding the evolution of the
term hallucination and all its derivative concepts are discussed in this paper.