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2016 ; 125
(3
): 361-71
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Grabbing the genome by the NADs
#MMPMID26174338
Matheson TD
; Kaufman PD
Chromosoma
2016[Jun]; 125
(3
): 361-71
PMID26174338
show ga
The regions of the genome that interact frequently with the nucleolus have been
termed nucleolar-associated domains (NADs). Deep sequencing and DNA-fluorescence
in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments have revealed that these domains are
enriched for repetitive elements, regions of the inactive X chromosome (Xi), and
several RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes. NADs are often marked by chromatin
modifications characteristic of heterochromatin, including H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and
H4K20me3, and artificial targeting of genes to this area is correlated with
reduced expression. It has therefore been hypothesized that NAD localization to
the nucleolar periphery contributes to the establishment and/or maintenance of
heterochromatic silencing. Recently published studies from several multicellular
eukaryotes have begun to reveal the trans-acting factors involved in NAD
localization, including the insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF),
chromatin assembly factor (CAF)-1 subunit p150, several nucleolar proteins, and
two long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The mechanisms by which these factors
coordinate with one another in regulating NAD localization and/or silencing are
still unknown. This review will summarize recently published studies, discuss
where additional research is required, and speculate about the mechanistic and
functional implications of genome organization around the nucleolus.
|Animals
[MESH]
|Cell Nucleolus/genetics/*metabolism
[MESH]
|Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/*physiology
[MESH]
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