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2016 ; 132
(6
): 807-826
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Glaucoma: the retina and beyond
#MMPMID27544758
Davis BM
; Crawley L
; Pahlitzsch M
; Javaid F
; Cordeiro MF
Acta Neuropathol
2016[Dec]; 132
(6
): 807-826
PMID27544758
show ga
Over 60 million people worldwide are diagnosed with glaucomatous optic
neuropathy, which is estimated to be responsible for 8.4 million cases of
irreversible blindness globally. Glaucoma is associated with characteristic
damage to the optic nerve and patterns of visual field loss which principally
involves the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). At present, intraocular
pressure (IOP) presents the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, although
RGC and vision loss can continue in patients despite well-controlled IOP. This,
coupled with the present inability to diagnose glaucoma until relatively late in
the disease process, has led to intense investigations towards the development of
novel techniques for the early diagnosis of disease. This review outlines our
current understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying RGC and axonal loss
in glaucoma. Similarities between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases
of the central nervous system are drawn before an overview of recent developments
in techniques for monitoring RGC health is provided, including recent progress
towards the development of RGC specific contrast agents. The review concludes by
discussing techniques to assess glaucomatous changes in the brain using MRI and
the clinical relevance of glaucomatous-associated changes in the visual centres
of the brain.
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