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2016 ; 186
(7
): 1724-35
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Genomic and Epigenomic Alterations in Cancer
#MMPMID27338107
Chakravarthi BV
; Nepal S
; Varambally S
Am J Pathol
2016[Jul]; 186
(7
): 1724-35
PMID27338107
show ga
Multiple genetic and epigenetic events characterize tumor progression and define
the identity of the tumors. Advances in high-throughput technologies, like gene
expression profiling, next-generation sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics,
have enabled detailed molecular characterization of various tumors. The
integration and analyses of these high-throughput data have unraveled many novel
molecular aberrations and network alterations in tumors. These molecular
alterations include multiple cancer-driving mutations, gene fusions,
amplification, deletion, and post-translational modifications, among others. Many
of these genomic events are being used in cancer diagnosis, whereas others are
therapeutically targeted with small-molecule inhibitors. Multiple genes/enzymes
that play a role in DNA and histone modifications are also altered in various
cancers, changing the epigenomic landscape during cancer initiation and
progression. Apart from protein-coding genes, studies are uncovering the critical
regulatory roles played by noncoding RNAs and noncoding regions of the genome
during cancer progression. Many of these genomic and epigenetic events function
in tandem to drive tumor development and metastasis. Concurrent advances in
genome-modulating technologies, like gene silencing and genome editing, are
providing ability to understand in detail the process of cancer initiation,
progression, and signaling as well as opening up avenues for therapeutic
targeting. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in cancer
genomic and epigenomic research.