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2016 ; 3
(9
): 438-450
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Genital Herpes: Insights into Sexually Transmitted Infectious Disease
#MMPMID28357380
Jaishankar D
; Shukla D
Microb Cell
2016[Jun]; 3
(9
): 438-450
PMID28357380
show ga
Etiology, transmission and protection: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a
leading cause of sexually transmitted infections with recurring manifestations
throughout the lifetime of infected hosts. Currently no effective vaccines or
prophylactics exist that provide complete protection or immunity from the virus,
which is endemic throughout the world. Pathology/Symptomatology: Primary and
recurrent infections result in lesions and inflammation around the genital area
and the latter accounts for majority of genital herpes instances.
Immunocompromised patients including neonates are susceptible to additional
systemic infections including debilitating consequences of nervous system
inflammation. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: More than 500 million
people are infected worldwide and most reported cases involve the age groups
between 16-40 years, which coincides with an increase in sexual activity among
this age group. While these numbers are an estimate, the actual numbers may be
underestimated as many people are asymptomatic or do not report the symptoms.
Treatment and curability: Currently prescribed medications, mostly nucleoside
analogs, only reduce the symptoms caused by an active infection, but do not
eliminate the virus or reduce latency. Therefore, no cure exists against genital
herpes and infected patients suffer from periodic recurrences of disease symptoms
for their entire lives. Molecular mechanisms of infection: The last few decades
have generated many new advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that
drive HSV infection. The viral entry receptors such as nectin-1 and HVEM have
been identified, cytoskeletal signaling and membrane structures such as filopodia
have been directly implicated in viral entry, host motor proteins and their viral
ligands have been shown to facilitate capsid transport and many host and HSV
proteins have been identified that help with viral replication and pathogenesis.
New understanding has emerged on the role of autophagy and other innate immune
mechanisms that are subverted to enhance HSV pathogenesis. This review summarizes
our current understanding of HSV-2 and associated diseases and available or
upcoming new treatments.
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