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2015 ; 28
(2
): 87-96
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Functional Neuroimaging: Fundamental Principles and Clinical Applications
#MMPMID25963153
Khanna N
; Altmeyer W
; Zhuo J
; Steven A
Neuroradiol J
2015[Apr]; 28
(2
): 87-96
PMID25963153
show ga
Functional imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), are rapidly changing the scope and
practice of neuroradiology. While these modalities have long been used in
research, they are increasingly being used in clinical practice to enable
reliable identification of eloquent cortex and white matter tracts in order to
guide treatment planning and to serve as a diagnostic supplement when traditional
imaging fails. An understanding of the scientific principles underlying fMRI and
DTI is necessary in current radiological practice. fMRI relies on a compensatory
hemodynamic response seen in cortical activation and the intrinsic discrepant
magnetic properties of deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin. Neuronal activity can be
indirectly visualized based on a hemodynamic response, termed neurovascular
coupling. fMRI demonstrates utility in identifying areas of cortical activation
(i.e., task-based activation) and in discerning areas of neuronal connectivity
when used during the resting state, termed resting state fMRI. While fMRI is
limited to visualization of gray matter, DTI permits visualization of white
matter tracts through diffusion restriction along different axes. We will discuss
the physical, statistical and physiological principles underlying these
functional imaging modalities and explore new promising clinical applications.