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2017 ; 90
(3
): 481-491
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Extracellular Vesicles: Evolutionarily Conserved Mediators of Intercellular
Communication
#MMPMID28955186
Lawson C
; Kovacs D
; Finding E
; Ulfelder E
; Luis-Fuentes V
Yale J Biol Med
2017[Sep]; 90
(3
): 481-491
PMID28955186
show ga
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are sub-micron circulating vesicles found in all
bodily fluids and in all species so far tested. They have also recently been
identified in seawater and it has further been shown that they are released from
microorganisms and may participate in interspecies communication in the gut. EV
are typically composed of a lipid bilayer formed from the plasma membrane and
which encases a cargo that can include genetic material, proteins, and lipids. At
least two different processes of formation and release have been described in
mammalian cells. The exosome population (50 to 150nm size) are produced via a
lyso-endosomal pathway, while microvesicles (100 to 1000nm) are formed by budding
of the plasma membrane in a calcium dependent process. Both pathways are highly
regulated and appear to be conserved amongst different species. EV release has
been shown to be upregulated in a number of human chronic diseases including
cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, obesity, and cancer; evaluation of
their presence in veterinary samples may aid diagnosis in the future. This review
will provide insight into the formation of EV and their detection in bodily
fluids from different veterinary species and how they may provide a novel
addition to the veterinary toolkit of the future.