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2018 ; 11
(4
): 470-487
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Evolutionary ecology of Chagas disease; what do we know and what do we need?
#MMPMID29636800
Flores-Ferrer A
; Marcou O
; Waleckx E
; Dumonteil E
; Gourbière S
Evol Appl
2018[Apr]; 11
(4
): 470-487
PMID29636800
show ga
The aetiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a key human
pathogen afflicting most populations of Latin America. This vectorborne parasite
is transmitted by haematophageous triatomines, whose control by large-scale
insecticide spraying has been the main strategy to limit the impact of the
disease for over 25 years. While those international initiatives have been
successful in highly endemic areas, this systematic approach is now challenged by
the emergence of insecticide resistance and by its low efficacy in controlling
species that are only partially adapted to human habitat. In this contribution,
we review evidences that Chagas disease control shall now be entering a second
stage that will rely on a better understanding of triatomines adaptive potential,
which requires promoting microevolutionary studies and -omic approaches.
Concomitantly, we show that our knowledge of the determinants of the evolution of
T. cruzi high diversity and low virulence remains too limiting to design
evolution-proof strategies, while such attributes may be part of the future of
Chagas disease control after the 2020 WHO's target of regional elimination of
intradomiciliary transmission has been reached. We should then aim at developing
a theory of T. cruzi virulence evolution that we anticipate to provide an
interesting enrichment of the general theory according to the specificities of
transmission of this very generalist stercorarian trypanosome. We stress that
many ecological data required to better understand selective pressures acting on
vector and parasite populations are already available as they have been
meticulously accumulated in the last century of field research. Although more
specific information will surely be needed, an effective research strategy would
be to integrate data into the conceptual and theoretical framework of
evolutionary ecology and life-history evolution that provide the quantitative
backgrounds necessary to understand and possibly anticipate adaptive responses to
public health interventions.
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