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2017 ; 62
(ä): 3-22
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Evolutionary Aspects of Macrophages Polarization
#MMPMID28455703
Edholm ES
; Rhoo KH
; Robert J
Results Probl Cell Differ
2017[]; 62
(ä): 3-22
PMID28455703
show ga
Macrophages constitute a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that are
essential for maintaining homeostasis and as a first line of innate responders
controlling and organizing host defenses against pathogens. Monocyte-macrophage
lineage cells are among the most functionally diverse and plastic cells of the
immune system. They undergo specific activation into functionally distinct
phenotypes in response to immune signals and microbial products. In mammals,
macrophage functional heterogeneity is defined by two activation states, M1 and
M2, which represent two polar ends of a continuum exhibiting pro-inflammatory and
tissue repair activities, respectively. While the ancient evolutionary origin of
macrophages as phagocytic defenders is well established, the evolutionary roots
of the specialized division of macrophages into subsets with polarized activation
phenotypes is less well defined. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on recent
advances in the understanding of the evolution of macrophage polarization and
functional heterogeneity with a focus on ectothermic vertebrates.