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2016 ; 9
(1
): e1115162
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Eutrophication, microbial-sulfate reduction and mass extinctions
#MMPMID27066181
Schobben M
; Stebbins A
; Ghaderi A
; Strauss H
; Korn D
; Korte C
Commun Integr Biol
2016[Jan]; 9
(1
): e1115162
PMID27066181
show ga
In post-Cambrian time, life on Earth experienced 5 major extinction events,
likely instigated by adverse environmental conditions. Biodiversity loss among
marine taxa, for at least 3 of these mass extinction events (Late Devonian,
end-Permian and end-Triassic), has been connected with widespread oxygen-depleted
and sulfide-bearing marine water. Furthermore, geochemical and sedimentary
evidence suggest that these events correlate with rather abrupt climate warming
and possibly increased terrestrial weathering. This suggests that biodiversity
loss may be triggered by mechanisms intrinsic to the Earth system, notably, the
biogeochemical sulfur and carbon cycle. This climate warming feedback produces
large-scale eutrophication on the continental shelf, which, in turn, expands
oxygen minimum zones by increased respiration, which can turn to a sulfidic state
by increased microbial-sulfate reduction due to increased availability of organic
matter. A plankton community turnover from a high-diversity eukaryote to
high-biomass bacterial dominated food web is the catalyst proposed in this
anoxia-extinction scenario and stands in stark contrast to the postulated
productivity collapse suggested for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. This
cascade of events is relevant for the future ocean under predicted greenhouse
driven climate change. The exacerbation of anoxic "dead" zones is already
progressing in modern oceanic environments, and this is likely to increase due to
climate induced continental weathering and resulting eutrophication of the
oceans.
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