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2014 ; 21
(3
): 155-64
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Epigenetic and genetic mechanisms in red cell biology
#MMPMID24722192
Hewitt KJ
; Sanalkumar R
; Johnson KD
; Keles S
; Bresnick EH
Curr Opin Hematol
2014[May]; 21
(3
): 155-64
PMID24722192
show ga
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Erythropoiesis, in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
generate lineage-committed progenitors that mature into erythrocytes, is
regulated by numerous chromatin modifying and remodeling proteins. We will focus
on how epigenetic and genetic mechanisms mesh to establish the erythroid
transcriptome and how studying erythropoiesis can yield genomic principles.
RECENT FINDINGS: Trans-acting factor binding to small DNA motifs (cis-elements)
underlies regulatory complex assembly at specific chromatin sites, and therefore
unique transcriptomes. As cis-elements are often very small, thousands or
millions of copies of a given element reside in a genome. Chromatin restricts
factor access in a context-dependent manner, and cis-element-binding factors
recruit chromatin regulators that mediate functional outputs. Technologies to map
chromatin attributes of loci in vivo, to edit genomes and to sequence whole
genomes have been transformative in discovering critical cis-elements linked to
human disease. SUMMARY: Cis-elements mediate chromatin-targeting specificity, and
chromatin regulators dictate cis-element accessibility/function, illustrating an
amalgamation of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Cis-elements often function
ectopically when studied outside of their endogenous loci, and complex strategies
to identify nonredundant cis-elements require further development. Facile
genome-editing technologies provide a new approach to address this problem.
Extending genetic analyses beyond exons and promoters will yield a rich pipeline
of cis-element alterations with importance for red cell biology and disease.