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2020 ; 18
(10
): 559-570
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Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulation of viral replication
#MMPMID32533130
Tsai K
; Cullen BR
Nat Rev Microbiol
2020[Oct]; 18
(10
): 559-570
PMID32533130
show ga
Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated not only by genomic enhancers and
promoters, but also by covalent modifications added to both chromatin and RNAs.
Whereas cellular gene expression may be either enhanced or inhibited by specific
epigenetic modifications deposited on histones (in particular, histone H3), these
epigenetic modifications can also repress viral gene expression, potentially
functioning as a potent antiviral innate immune response in DNA virus-infected
cells. However, viruses have evolved countermeasures that prevent the epigenetic
silencing of their genes during lytic replication, and they can also take
advantage of epigenetic silencing to establish latent infections. By contrast,
the various covalent modifications added to RNAs, termed epitranscriptomic
modifications, can positively regulate mRNA translation and/or stability, and
both DNA and RNA viruses have evolved to utilize epitranscriptomic modifications
as a means to maximize viral gene expression. As a consequence, both chromatin
and RNA modifications could serve as novel targets for the development of
antivirals. In this Review, we discuss how host epigenetic and epitranscriptomic
processes regulate viral gene expression at the levels of chromatin and RNA
function, respectively, and explore how viruses modify, avoid or utilize these
processes in order to regulate viral gene expression.
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