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2017 ; 9
(5
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
Cancers (Basel)
2017[May]; 9
(5
): ä PMID28513565
show ga
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is
commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic
colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and
breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity,
including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as
in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R
and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations
over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate
many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation,
including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here,
we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction,
including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR
dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle
progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation,
and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR
signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted
therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.