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2015 ; 112
(19
): 5985-90
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Energy and material flows of megacities
#MMPMID25918371
Kennedy CA
; Stewart I
; Facchini A
; Cersosimo I
; Mele R
; Chen B
; Uda M
; Kansal A
; Chiu A
; Kim KG
; Dubeux C
; Lebre La Rovere E
; Cunha B
; Pincetl S
; Keirstead J
; Barles S
; Pusaka S
; Gunawan J
; Adegbile M
; Nazariha M
; Hoque S
; Marcotullio PJ
; González Otharán F
; Genena T
; Ibrahim N
; Farooqui R
; Cervantes G
; Sahin AD
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2015[May]; 112
(19
): 5985-90
PMID25918371
show ga
Understanding the drivers of energy and material flows of cities is important for
addressing global environmental challenges. Accessing, sharing, and managing
energy and material resources is particularly critical for megacities, which face
enormous social stresses because of their sheer size and complexity. Here we
quantify the energy and material flows through the world's 27 megacities with
populations greater than 10 million people as of 2010. Collectively the resource
flows through megacities are largely consistent with scaling laws established in
the emerging science of cities. Correlations are established for electricity
consumption, heating and industrial fuel use, ground transportation energy use,
water consumption, waste generation, and steel production in terms of
heating-degree-days, urban form, economic activity, and population growth. The
results help identify megacities exhibiting high and low levels of consumption
and those making efficient use of resources. The correlation between per capita
electricity use and urbanized area per capita is shown to be a consequence of
gross building floor area per capita, which is found to increase for
lower-density cities. Many of the megacities are growing rapidly in population
but are growing even faster in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) and energy
use. In the decade from 2001-2011, electricity use and ground transportation fuel
use in megacities grew at approximately half the rate of GDP growth.