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2018 ; 28
(1
): 73-79
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Emission strength of airborne pathogens during toilet flushing
#MMPMID28683156
Lai ACK
; Tan TF
; Li WS
; Ip DKM
Indoor Air
2018[Jan]; 28
(1
): 73-79
PMID28683156
show ga
The flushing of toilets generates contaminated aerosols, the transmission of
which may cause the spread of disease, particularly in the immunocompromised or
the elderly. This study investigated the emission strength of three types of
airborne bacteria, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and
Pseudomonas alcaligenes, during toilet flushing in a custom-built toilet under a
controlled environment. Flushing was activated by a flushometer operated at two
pressure levels, 400 kPa (high pressure [HP]) and 200 kPa (low pressure [LP]),
and by a water cistern tank placed 95 cm (high tank [HT]) and 46 cm (low tank
[LT]) above the toilet seat. The pathogens emitted by the first flush were
calculated, with the correlations between airborne pathogen emissions and droplet
concentration (HP, r=0.944, P<.001; LP, r=0.803, P<.001, HT, r=0.885, P<.05) and
bacterial size (HP, r=-0.919, P<.001; LP, r=-0.936, P<.001; HT, r=-0.967, P<.05)
in the different conditions then tested. The emission strength in the HP
condition was statistically greater than that in the LP condition, whereas the
cistern tank system produced less emissions than the flushometer system, and tank
height was not found to be a sensitive parameter.