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2014 ; 78
(3
): 438-68
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Diverse bacterial microcompartment organelles
#MMPMID25184561
Chowdhury C
; Sinha S
; Chun S
; Yeates TO
; Bobik TA
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev
2014[Sep]; 78
(3
): 438-68
PMID25184561
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Bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are sophisticated protein-based organelles
used to optimize metabolic pathways. They consist of metabolic enzymes
encapsulated within a protein shell, which creates an ideal environment for
catalysis and facilitates the channeling of toxic/volatile intermediates to
downstream enzymes. The metabolic processes that require MCPs are diverse and
widely distributed and play important roles in global carbon fixation and
bacterial pathogenesis. The protein shells of MCPs are thought to selectively
control the movement of enzyme cofactors, substrates, and products (including
toxic or volatile intermediates) between the MCP interior and the cytoplasm of
the cell using both passive electrostatic/steric and dynamic gated mechanisms.
Evidence suggests that specialized shell proteins conduct electrons between the
cytoplasm and the lumen of the MCP and/or help rebuild damaged iron-sulfur
centers in the encapsulated enzymes. The MCP shell is elaborated through a family
of small proteins whose structural core is known as a bacterial microcompartment
(BMC) domain. BMC domain proteins oligomerize into flat, hexagonally shaped
tiles, which assemble into extended protein sheets that form the facets of the
shell. Shape complementarity along the edges allows different types of BMC domain
proteins to form mixed sheets, while sequence variation provides functional
diversification. Recent studies have also revealed targeting sequences that
mediate protein encapsulation within MCPs, scaffolding proteins that organize
lumen enzymes and the use of private cofactor pools (NAD/H and coenzyme A
[HS-CoA]) to facilitate cofactor homeostasis. Although much remains to be
learned, our growing understanding of MCPs is providing a basis for
bioengineering of protein-based containers for the production of
chemicals/pharmaceuticals and for use as molecular delivery vehicles.
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