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2009 ; 387
(1
): 1-12
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Direct detection and quantification of microRNAs
#MMPMID19454247
Hunt EA
; Goulding AM
; Deo SK
Anal Biochem
2009[Apr]; 387
(1
): 1-12
PMID19454247
show ga
The recent discovery of the potent regulatory nature of microRNAs (miRNAs), a
relatively new class of approximately 22 nucleotide RNAs, has made them a primary
focus in today?s biochemical and medical research. The relationship between miRNA
expression patterns and the onset of cancer, as well as other diseases, has
glimpsed the potential of miRNAs as disease biomarkers or drug targets, making
them a primary research focus. Their promising future in medicine is hinged upon
improving our scientific understanding of their intricate regulatory mechanisms.
In the realm of analytical chemistry, the main challenge associated with miRNA is
its detection. Their extremely small size and low cellular concentration poses
many challenges for achieving reliable results. Current reviews in this area have
focused on adaptations to microarray, PCR, and Northern blotting procedures to
make them suitable for miRNA detection. While these are extremely powerful
methods and accepted as the current standards, they are typically very laborious,
semi-quantitative, and often require expensive imaging equipment and/or
radioactive/toxic labels. This review aims to highlight emerging techniques in
miRNA detection and quantification that exhibit superior flexibility and
adaptability as well as matched or increased sensitivity in comparison to the
current standards. Specifically, this review will cover colorimetric,
fluorescence, bioluminescence, enzyme, and electrochemical based methods, which
drastically reduce procedural complexity and overall expense of operation thereby
increasing the accessibility of this field of research. The methods are presented
and discussed as to their improvements over current standard methods as well as
their potential complications preventing acceptance as standard procedures. These
new methods have addressed the many of the problems associated with miRNA
detection through the employment of enzyme-based signal amplification, enhanced
hybridization conditions using PNA capture probes, highly sensitive and flexible
forms of spectroscopy, and extremely responsive electrocatalytic nanosystems,
among other approaches.
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