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Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys
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Toxics
2018[Mar]; 6
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Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant
transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although
long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been
considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how
measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally
been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity
threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that
mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together
with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The
contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in
lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd
excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary
N-acetyl-?-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and ?2-microglobulin (?2-MG) levels to
quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic
kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are
highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels
have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign
of impending kidney malfunction.
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